Internet of Things 物联网 2018-05-08
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data.[1][2][3] Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to inter-operate within the existing Internet infrastructure.
The figure of online capable devices increased 31% from 2016 to 8.4 billion in 2017.[4] Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of about 30 billion objects by 2020.[5] It is also estimated that the global market value of IoT will reach $7.1 trillion by 2020.[6]
The IoT allows objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure,[7] creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit in addition to reduced human intervention.[8][9][10][11] When IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, virtual power plants, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities.
"Things", in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, cameras streaming live feeds of wild animals in coastal waters,[12] automobiles with built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen monitoring,[13] or field operation devices that assist firefighters in search and rescue operations.[14] Legal scholars suggest regarding "things" as an "inextricable mixture of hardware, software, data and service".[15]
These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then autonomously flow the data between other devices.[16]
There seems to be a general consensus that term "the Internet of things" was coined by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble, later MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999.[17] The first written and referable source that mentions the Internet of Things seems to be the White Paper published by the MIT Auto-ID Center in November 2001 [18] (but made public only in February 2002), which cites an earlier paper from October 2000.[19]
The first research article mentioning the Internet of Things appears to be[20], which was preceded by an article published in Finnish in January 2002.[21] The implementation described there was developed by Kary Främling and his team at Helsinki University of Technology in Finland. Contrary to the rather RFID and Supply Chain Management view of the Internet of Things, the vision of the Internet of Things presented there was closer to the modern one, i.e. an information system infrastructure for implementing smart, connected objects.[22]
References:
1. Brown, Eric (13 September 2016). "Who Needs the Internet of Things?". Linux.com. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
2. Brown, Eric (20 September 2016). "21 Open Source Projects for IoT". Linux.com. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
3. "Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative". ITU. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
5. Nordrum, Amy (18 August 2016). "Popular Internet of Things Forecast of 50 Billion Devices by 2020 Is Outdated". IEEE.
6. Hsu, Chin-Lung; Lin, Judy Chuan-Chuan (2016). "An empirical examination of consumer adoption of Internet of Things services: Network externalities and concern for information privacy perspectives". Computers in Human Behavior. 62: 516–527. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.023.
7. "Internet of Things: Science Fiction or Business Fact?" (PDF). Harvard Business Review. November 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
8. Vermesan, Ovidiu; Friess, Peter (2013). Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems (PDF). Aalborg, Denmark: River Publishers. ISBN 978-87-92982-96-4.
9. Santucci, Gérald. "The Internet of Things: Between the Revolution of the Internet and the Metamorphosis of Objects" (PDF). European Commission Community Research and Development Information Service. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
10. Mattern, Friedemann; Floerkemeier, Christian. "From the Internet of Computers to the Internet of Things"(PDF). ETH Zurich. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
11. Lindner, Tim (13 July 2015). "The Supply Chain: Changing at the Speed of Technology". Connected World. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
12. "Molluscan eye". Retrieved 26 June 2015.
13. Erlich, Yaniv (2015). "A vision for ubiquitous sequencing". Genome Research. 25 (10): 1411–1416. doi:10.1101/gr.191692.115. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 4579324 
. PMID 26430149.
14. Wigmore, I. (June 2014). "Internet of Things (IoT)". TechTarget.
15. Noto La Diega, Guido; Walden, Ian (1 February 2016). "Contracting for the 'Internet of Things': Looking into the Nest". Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 219/2016. SSRN 2725913.
16. Hendricks, Drew. "The Trouble with the Internet of Things". London Datastore. Greater London Authority. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
17. Ashton, K. (22 June 2009). "That 'Internet of Things' Thing". Retrieved 9 May 2017.
18. Brock, David L. The Compact Electronic Product Code. MIT Auto-ID Center White Paper, November 2001. 12 p.
19. Sanjay Sarma, David L. Brock & Kevin Ashton. The Networked Physical World. MIT Auto-ID Center White Paper, October 2000. 16 p.
20. HUVIO, Eero, GRÖNVALL, John, FRÄMLING, Kary. Tracking and tracing parcels using a distributed computing approach. In: SOLEM, Olav (ed.) Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference for Nordic Researchers in Logistics (NOFOMA'2002), Trondheim, Norway, 12–14 June 2002. pp. 29-43.
21. FRÄMLING, Kary. Tracking of material flow by an Internet-based product data management system (in Finnish: Tavaravirran seuranta osana Internet-pohjaista tuotetiedon hallintaa). Tieke EDISTY magazine, No. 1, 2002, Publication of Tieke (Finnish Information Society Development Centre), Finland, 2002. pp. 24-25.
22. FRÄMLING, Kary, HOLMSTRÖM, Jan, ALA-RISKU, Timo, KÄRKKAINEN, Mikko. Product agents for handling information about physical objects . Report of Laboratory of Information Processing Science series B, TKO-B 153/03, Helsinki University of Technology, 2003. 20 p.